US appeals court upholds hate crime convictions of 3 white men in 2020
killing of Ahmaud Arbery
[November 15, 2025]
By RUSS BYNUM
SAVANNAH, Ga. (AP) — A federal appeals court on Friday upheld the hate
crime convictions of three white men who chased Ahmaud Arbery through
their Georgia subdivision with pickup trucks before one of them killed
the running Black man with a shotgun.
A three-judge panel of the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals took well
over a year to rule after attorneys for the defendants urged the judges
in March 2024 to overturn the case, arguing the men's history of racist
text messages and social media posts failed to prove they targeted
Arbery because of his race.
Federal prosecutors used those posts and messages in 2022 to persuade a
jury that Arbery's killing was motivated by “pent-up racial anger.”
The appellate panel's opinion, written by Judge Elizabeth L. Branch,
said prosecutors at the trial showed “that each of the defendants held
longstanding prejudice," and that evidence was sufficient for “a
reasonable juror to find that Arbery’s race was the determinative
factor” for the deadly neighborhood chase.
Even if the appeals judges had thrown out their hate-crime convictions,
the trio faced no immediate reprieve from prison. That's because they're
also serving life sentences for murder after being convicted in a
Georgia state court.
Video of Arbery's killing fueled national outrage
Father and son Greg and Travis McMichael armed themselves and used a
pickup truck to pursue 25-year-old Arbery after spotting him running in
their neighborhood just outside the port city of Brunswick on Feb. 23,
2020. A neighbor, William “Roddie” Bryan, joined the chase and recorded
cellphone video of Travis McMichael shooting Arbery at close range.
More than two months passed without arrests, until Bryan’s graphic video
of the killing leaked online. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation took
over the case from local police as outrage over Arbery's death became
part of a national outcry over racial injustice. Charges soon followed.
All three men were convicted of murder by a state court in late 2021.
After a second trial in U.S. District Court in early 2022, a jury found
the trio guilty of hate crimes and attempted kidnapping.
Greg McMichael's attorney in the hate crimes case, A.J. Balbo, declined
to comment on the appellate ruling. Attorneys for Bryan and Travis
McMichael did not immediately return phone and email messages.
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This combination of photos shows, from left, Travis McMichael,
William "Roddie" Bryan, and Gregory McMichael during their trial at
the Glynn County Courthouse in Brunswick, Ga. (AP Photo/Pool, File)
Defense argued racist messages didn't prove racism against Arbery
In their federal appeals, lawyers for Bryan and Greg McMichael
criticized prosecutors’ use of more than two dozen social media
posts and text messages, as well as witness testimony, that showed
all three men using racist slurs or otherwise disparaging Black
people.
Bryan's attorney, Pete Theodocion, argued those statements were so
repulsive that prosecutors were able to sway the jury without
proving a racist intent to harm Arbery himself.
Balbo, Greg McMichael’s lawyer, insisted his client initiated the
pursuit of Arbery because he mistakenly suspected him of being a
fleeing criminal. The McMichaels had seen security camera videos in
prior months that showed Arbery entering a neighboring home under
construction.
The 11th Circuit judges rejected those arguments, noting there was
no evidence Arbery had committed any crimes in the men's
neighborhood. He was unarmed and had no stolen property when he was
killed.
In Travis McMichael’s appeal, attorney Amy Lee Copeland didn’t
dispute the jury’s finding that he was motivated by racism. The
social media evidence included a 2018 Facebook comment Travis
McMichael made on a video of a Black man playing a prank on a white
person. He used an expletive and a racial slur when writing he'd
kill him.
Instead, Copeland based her appeal on legal technicalities. She said
that prosecutors failed to prove the streets of the Satilla Shores
subdivision where Arbery was killed were public roads, as stated in
the indictment used to charge the men. The 11th Circuit rejected her
argument.
The trial judge sentenced both McMichaels to life in prison for
their hate crime convictions, plus additional time — 10 years for
Travis McMichael and seven years for his father — for brandishing
guns while committing violent crimes. Bryan received a lighter hate
crime sentence of 35 years in prison, in part because he wasn’t
armed and preserved the cellphone video that became crucial
evidence.
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